Digiulio the university of oklahoma school of chemical, biological and materials engineering norman, oklahoma may 4 th, 2007 keywords. Natural refrigerants was developed as a joint effort between the national renewable energy laboratory nrel and cta architects engineers. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent. However, their impact on global warming is very large compared with traditional refrigerants. Jul 17, 2017 if there is toxicity identified in this small amount, the substance is a class b refrigerant. This paper summarizes the impact of thermophysical properties on refrigerant selection for two primary r22 replacement candidates, namely hfc404a and. Navigating that change has become difficult as regulatory pressure, media scrutiny and competitive forces combine to create a complex landscape of messages. The thermodynamic properties are interrelated and mainly depend on normal boiling point, critical temperature, molecular weight and structure. R22 light green r4a light sky blue r404a orange the name label of the gases are given on the cylinder. Refrigerants of this class are those that cool substances, absorbing their reasonable heats.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Polytechnic college bhopal, india abstract in developing country like india, most of the vcr systems based on halogenated refrigerant are used due to its excellent properties. If there is toxicity identified in this small amount, the substance is a class b refrigerant. Calm engineering consultant 10887 woodleaf lane great falls, va 220663003 usa for the airconditioning and refrigeration technology institute 4301 north fairfax drive, suite 425 arlington, va 22203 usa. A good refrigerant has the right combination of safety and functionality. Primary refrigerants change states to absorb heat from surrounding areas or substances. Our range of high quality natural refrigerants can provide you with a cost efficient solution that perfectly suits your requirements. The refrigerant in any refrigerator or air conditioner flows continuously through the vapor compression cycle, absorbing the heat in the evaporator and releasing it in the condenser. Characteristics of some new generation refrigerants with low gwp. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs. Most automotive air conditioning systems except in australia and possibly other countries use r4a as a refrigerant. Thermodynamic data for 27 refrigerants, covering temperatures from cryogenic to normal range.
Refrigerating capacity, energy demand, temperature properties and pressure levels are comparable, at least. Sep 17, 2014 color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. Pdf refrigeration and airconditioning play a vital role in domestic and industrial applications. Singlecompound refrigerants september 1999 prepared by james m.
Oct 22, 2016 refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Different refrigerants are used for different temperature conditions and there is no ideal one that is suitable for all conditions. Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. Freon 123 refrigerant 4 refrigerant the thermodynamic and physical properties of freon 123, coupled with its nonflammability, make it an efficient and safe replacement refrigerant for cfc11 in centrifugal chillers. Heat exchangers for alternative refrigerants c ommercial refrigeration has been in the environmental spotlight for more than a decade, especially as leakage studies have revealed the true effects of hydrofluorocarbon hfc emissions. Meet environmental regulations with natural refrigerants. Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. The thermodynamic properties of refrigerants columbushoa. This article describes thermodynamic properties of the refrigerants the ideal refrigerant. Refrigerants and read with me bible pdf refrigerating systems which are practicable but which do not at. Refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. The gwp used as a reference here is the gwp of co 2 over an integration period of 100 years. Considerable reductions in emissions are possible, but implementing them is having a major impact.
This unit is intended to serve as an introductory guide to the study of refrigerants. Introduction natural refrigerants are chemicals which occur in natures biochemical. Table 51 lists the characteristics of a typical refrigerants. Fifteen pressureenthalpy charts for important refrigerants. Dupont isceon 9 series reading a pdf file on ipad refrigerants have proven to be easytouse. Power engineering 4th class ch 114 flashcards quizlet. R4a is a common refrigerant used in residential refrigerators around the world, and in automobiles. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants. In addition, they offer the thermodynamic and physical properties that make them ideal for a variety of uses. Switching to more sustainable options therefore becomes more urgent for manufacturers and users of rachp systems. Positively innovative refrigerants r32 daikin chemical europe. New, natural and alternative refrigerants by dr s f pearson of star refrigeration limited introduction it is an honour to be invited to present this paper despite the rather daunting title. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. The intended market for this certification program, where the standard applies, includes all refrigerants defined in section 1.
Myths and facts of hvac refrigerants a global commitment to a healthy, sustainable environment is changing the refrigerant landscape for the hvac industry. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property charge. The current state of refrigerants ashrae puget sound. Refrigerant r123 properties, uses, storage, and handling. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of.
Refrigerant tables and charts including air conditioning data. State equation, equation of saturated vapor pressure, equation of liquid volume, equation of specific heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy for r11, r12, r, r14, r22, r23, r1, r114, r500 and r502 are presented. The desired thermodynamic properties are a boiling point somewhat below. They are low in toxicity, nonflammable, noncorrosive and compatible with other materials. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. Incorporating product design into the development of new refrigerants isaac j. Calm engineering consultant 10887 woodleaf lane great falls, va 220663003 usa for the airconditioning and refrigeration technology institute 4301. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat. Table of thermo physical properties like thermal conductivity, viscosity for six refrigerants. Indirect systems with secondary refrigerants or coolants have in sweden long been used for ice rinks and heat pumps and are today increasingly used by supermarket chains for cold storage, cooling.
Demonstrate knowledge of the physical properties of commonly used refrigerants. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. Freon 407c and freon 407a refrigerant descriptions freon 407c and freon 407a are nonozone depleting blends of three hydrofluorocarbon hfc refrigerants. The hydrofluorocarbons are refrigerants that contain no chlorine and are not harmful to the ozone layer odp 0, see section 5. Thermophysical properties of refrigerants t his chapter presents data for thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants, arra nged for the occasional user. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. The flood of the airconditioner, that is, the refrigerants, their properties, merits and demerits are summarized to map the various types and their classifications.
It has remained the main refrigerant used in industrial refrigeration systems because of its superior thermodynamic properties and low cost. Thermodynamic properties of refrigerants r11, r12, r, r14. Thermodynamic properties of duponttm freonr 22 refrigerant. As the refrigerant flows through the continuous vapor compression cycle it absorbs heat from a lowtemperature reservoir and deflects it into the atmosphere.
This class includes those refrigerants thats cool by means of absorption or extraction of heat from substances, cooled by the absorption of their latent heat. Incorporating product design into the development of new. Isobutane r600a these data are derived from the brochure thermodynamic and physical properties of r600a published by the iir. These physical properties of refrigerants help us select the proper refrigerant for the application as per our requirement. After studying this unit, you should be able to learn the different classifications of refrigerants, naming convention for refrigerants, properties of individual refrigerants, and. Ashrae position document on natural refrigerants pdf epa. This project was made possible with american recovery and reinvestment act of 2009 funds. Discuss refrigerant selection criteria based on thermodynamic, thermophysical, environmental and economic properties. Technical information at22 thermodynamic properties of dupontz freon. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks. Synthetic and organic refrigerants are classified under two main categories, primary and secondary. Safety rules for the application of hydrocarbon refrigerants.
Characteristics of refrigerants pure r12 cc 1425f425 is colorless. Classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important differences between primary and secondary refrigerants. Working fluids in refrigeration cycles undergoes phase transition in cycles mostly before going to subject topic first of all we divide all refrigerants in following categories. State equation, equation of saturated vapor pressure, equation of liquid volume, equation of specific heat capacity, enthalpy and entropy for r11, r12. Product design, group contribution theory, refrigerant design. Refrigerants r407c and r407a properties, uses, storage. Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. Information from its description page there is shown below. The compositions of freon 407c and freon 407a are as follows.
Characteristics of some new generation refrigerants with low. The most common hfc refrigerants available since the ban on hcfcs are presented in table 5. The publication presents a set of equations and constants for calculating thermodynamic properties of refrigerants. There is a growing trend towards applying natural refrigerants as an environmentally friendly alternative that is less expensive compared to other synthetic refrigerants with a low global warming potential. Refrigerants color codes refrigerants and their color codes. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr. Physical properties chemical formula ch 2 f 2 chf 2 cf 3 5050% by weight molecular weight 72. R32 has a gwp about one third that of r410a, and it has excellent properties as a refrigerant. In fact, freon 123 offers the best theoretical efficiency of the several alternatives for use in chillers. Navigating that change has become difficult as regulatory pressure, media scrutiny and competitive forces combine to. This information is based on values calculated using the nist refprop database mclinden, m. Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance.
Color codes of refrigerants easy recognize gas cylinder different refrigerant has different color coding few examples are given below. This class includes refrigerants that cool by phase change typically boiling, using the refrigerant s latent heat. Freon 407c exhibits performance characteristics similar to r22. It has a boiling point of 21f at atmospheric pressure. In higher concentrations, its odor resembles that of carbon tetrachloride. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. Envirosafetm industrial 4a replacement cans safety data sheet according to federal register vol. Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i. The following pages contain pressuretemperature charts for the refrigerants. The refrigerants have a thermodynamic property chart on pressureenthalpy coordinates with an abbreviated set of tabular data for saturated liquid and vapor on the faci ng page. Fundamental and practical flammability properties of 2l.
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